What explains the differences in household electricity prices between Ireland, Germany and Denmark?

Approved DE, DK, IE2025-S2households, Eurostat consumption band DC (2,500 to 4,999 kWh a year) reviewed 2026-10-14

Three countries in the same union, and three very different electricity bills. At the end of 2025 an Irish household paid the highest price in the EU, a German household a little less, and a Danish household a good deal less than either. Three things explain most of the gap: what each country makes its power from and where that fuel comes from; how the price of that fuel reaches the bill; and what is added or taken away on top. The first two are about how the systems are built. The third is partly about policy and timing, which is why the ranking can change quickly.

Covers household electricity prices for medium consumers (Eurostat band DC, 2,500 to 4,999 kWh a year) in Ireland, Germany and Denmark, with the EU average for context. The baseline is the second half of 2025, the latest period published for all three countries. First-half 2026 figures are shown for Germany and Denmark only, as Ireland's is not yet published.

Not covered: industrial and business prices; affordability (prices are not adjusted for incomes or consumption, and a high unit price is not the same as a high household burden); differences within countries, including Denmark's two wholesale price zones; and gas, heating or total energy bills.

Percentages marked "derived" are our own arithmetic on Eurostat figures, with the formula shown. Published euro figures come first.

Start with the basics. Compared with the EU average, Ireland is expensive even before tax is added: the electricity itself, and the cost of getting it to your home, costs far more than the European norm. Germany is somewhat above the average before tax and Denmark well below it, but both then add heavy taxes, which is why their final prices end up much closer to Ireland's.

Since the start of 2025, Ireland's price rose 8.1c and Denmark's price fell 11.1c

Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included, in cents per kWh, for a home using 2,500 to 4,999 kWh a year. Where a place has no point for a period, Eurostat has not published it yet. Source: Eurostat.

For comparison, the price before all taxes, credits and levies: Ireland 34.7c to 36.1c (2025-S1 to 2025-S2); Germany 26.0c to 23.9c (2025-S1 to 2026-S1); Denmark 18.2c to 18.9c (2025-S1 to 2026-S1).

The numbers (EUR per kWh)

Place	Period	All taxes	Excluding taxes
Ireland	2025-S1	0.3231	0.3468
Ireland	2025-S2	0.4042	0.3608
Ireland	2026-S1	not published	not published
Germany	2025-S1	0.3835	0.2598
Germany	2025-S2	0.3869	0.2625
Germany	2026-S1	0.3618	0.2388
Denmark	2025-S1	0.3485	0.1823
Denmark	2025-S2	0.3312	0.1685
Denmark	2026-S1	0.2375	0.1889
EU average	2025-S1	0.2879	0.2075
EU average	2025-S2	0.2896	0.2059
EU average	2026-S1	not published	not published

What the power is made from

Start with Ireland. Roughly half of its electricity comes from burning gas, and most of the rest from wind. There is very little else in the mix: almost no coal, only a little solar. Ireland also tops up by importing electricity across its interconnectors.

Germany's mix is the most varied. Wind is its biggest single source, but coal and lignite still supply around a fifth of its power, gas just under a fifth, and solar around a seventh. No single fuel dominates.

Denmark is the outlier. Close to three-fifths of its electricity comes from wind, with biomass and solar next, and gas barely registers.

Ireland leans on gas; Germany has no single main source; Denmark leans on wind

Share of all electricity generated in 2024, by fuel. The unshaded remainder is everything else (hydro, oil, waste and so on). Each share is one fuel's generation divided by total generation, both published by Eurostat.

The numbers (share, unrounded)

Place	Fuel	Share
Ireland	gas	0.4793452466724462
Ireland	coal and peat	0.02008757343855491
Ireland	biomass	0.016325076952866533
Ireland	solar	0.03470942779227181
Ireland	wind	0.3699135995334023
Germany	gas	0.1760416646401133
Germany	coal and peat	0.20686991862010198
Germany	biomass	0.0210171417231994
Germany	solar	0.14664918318550843
Germany	wind	0.270255968280711
Denmark	gas	0.025749302514458946
Denmark	coal and peat	0.04956911258184239
Denmark	biomass	0.16528160566389913
Denmark	solar	0.10692131833049254
Denmark	wind	0.5819435296497398

That matters because every fuel has to come from somewhere, and every fuel has a price that finds its way into the bill.

Where the fuel comes from

Here the three countries differ again. Most of the gas Ireland burns arrives from Britain; the home-grown Corrib field and a little biomethane supply the minority. Overall Ireland imports around four-fifths of the gas it uses. Germany imports around nine-tenths, mostly from Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium, with about a tenth arriving as liquefied gas at its own terminals. Denmark is the odd one out. It produces gas in the North Sea, its biggest field, Tyra, is back in full operation after years of reconstruction, and it now sells more gas abroad than it buys. It also burns very little of it for power.

Ireland and Germany import most of their gas; Denmark sells more gas than it buys

Net gas imports as a share of the gas used, 2024, as Eurostat publishes it. A negative figure means the place sells more gas abroad than it buys.

The numbers (percent)

Place	Percent
Ireland	79.459
Germany	91.578
Denmark	-17.456
EU average	84.981

Owning the gas, or not, is only half of it. What matters for the bill is how the price of fuel gets into the price of electricity.

How fuel prices reach the bill

Wholesale electricity is bought and sold in a daily auction. Generators are lined up from cheapest to dearest, and the last one needed to meet demand sets the price that everyone receives. Wind and solar sit at the bottom of the line because they cost almost nothing to run, and gas plants are often the ones at the top. Across the EU in 2022, the Commission's research centre found, gas plants set the price more than half the time. In the market Ireland shares with Northern Ireland, the regulators say much the same: gas-fired plants frequently set the wholesale price, so changes in the cost of gas pass directly into electricity prices.

Wind matters too. The regulators say windy periods typically bring lower prices and calm ones higher prices, though wind is not the only factor. When the wind drops, Ireland leans on gas: in a cold, calm spell in January 2021, researchers at University College Cork found the system made up for the missing wind by burning more gas.

Germany and Denmark are in the same kind of auction, and each is tied into a wider European market. Germany's market zone is coupled with fifteen other European markets. Denmark largely takes its price from its neighbours: its grid operator found in a 2016 note that Denmark shared a price with at least one neighbour 90 per cent of the time, and it listed fuel and carbon prices first among the things that drive Danish prices. So even a country that burns almost no gas for power can be affected by what fuel prices do elsewhere.

The wholesale price reaches households with a delay, because suppliers buy ahead through hedging contracts. For Irish households that delayed the 2022 spike but also made high prices last longer.

What is added on top

Take the bill apart and the picture from the first three sections shows up clearly. It is in the energy and supply part that Ireland stands out: more than twice Denmark's and well above Germany's. Network charges are the highest of the three in Ireland too, though so far they have mattered less than energy costs.

Ireland pays the most for the power itself; Denmark pays the most in tax

The three parts of the household electricity price in 2025, in cents per kWh, for a home using 2,500 to 4,999 kWh a year; the figure at the end of each bar is the total of the three parts. Source: Eurostat.

The numbers (EUR per kWh)

Place	Energy and supply	Network costs	Taxes and levies	Sum
Ireland	0.229	0.1245	-0.0159	0.3376
Germany	0.1481	0.113	0.1241	0.3852
Denmark	0.0964	0.079	0.1659	0.3413
EU average	0.1246	0.0815	0.0826	0.2887

In Germany and Denmark, taxes and levies are the big addition: about a third of the German total and nearly half of the Danish one. In Ireland they came to slightly less than nothing, because Eurostat counts the government's electricity credits as a deduction.

Why the ranking can change quickly

Those credits are part of why Ireland ended 2025 at the top. Two €125 credits paid around the turn of 2024 into 2025 lowered Irish bills at the time. With none in the second half of 2025 the price jumped, even though the price before taxes and credits barely moved.

Policy moves the other way elsewhere. Denmark cut its electricity tax to almost nothing from January 2026, and its price fell sharply. Germany's has eased too. Ireland's first-half 2026 figure is not published yet, so it is too early to say where it will land without the credits. That is the main reason to treat any single ranking with care: the differences in fuel and system are built into each country, but the policy layer can move a price within a year.

What we still don't know

Why did Ireland's energy and supply cost per kWh stay so far above Germany's and Denmark's? Possible explanations include higher wholesale costs from gas-fired generation, supplier hedging, weaker retail competition, and differences in how countries report the data. ESRI has named the widening gap between Irish retail and wholesale costs after 2022 as unresolved.
How much of Denmark's 2026 fall is the electricity tax cut, and how much is energy and network costs? The pre-tax price rose slightly between late 2025 and early 2026, which suggests the tax cut explains more than the whole fall.
Where will Ireland rank when its first-half 2026 figure is published?

The costs at a glance

What each price is made of, 2025

The three components Eurostat reports, for a household using 2,500 to 4,999 kWh a year. A bar left of the line is a deduction.

Energy and supplyNetwork costsTaxes and levies

The numbers

Place	Energy and supply	Network costs	Taxes and levies	Sum
DE	0.1481	0.113	0.1241	0.3852
DK	0.0964	0.079	0.1659	0.3413
IE	0.229	0.1245	-0.0159	0.3376
EU27_2020	0.1246	0.0815	0.0826	0.2887

Behind the article: the working

What you have just read is a summary of the work behind it. Below is that work: the chain of causes the article describes, each factor and link with its evidence and the disagreements about it, the data, and the sources.

The chain at a glance

Link	Effect	Kind of claim	Confidence	Status
Biomass electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Energy and supply → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	increases	composition	established	Approved
Gas-fired electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Network costs → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	increases	composition	established	Approved
Solar electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Coal, lignite and peat generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Taxes and levies → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	increases	composition	established	Approved
Wind electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Biomass electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Energy and supply → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	increases	composition	established	Approved
Gas-fired electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Network costs → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	increases	composition	established	Approved
Solar electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Coal, lignite and peat generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Danish electricity tax (elafgift) → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	increases	causal inference	likely	Approved
Taxes and levies → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	increases	composition	established	Approved
Wind electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Biomass electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Irish government electricity credit → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	decreases	causal inference	likely	Approved
Energy and supply → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	increases	composition	established	Approved
Gas-fired electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Network costs → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	increases	composition	established	Approved
Solar electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Coal, lignite and peat generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Taxes and levies → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	decreases	composition	established	Approved
Wind electricity generation → Gross electricity production	increases	composition	established	Approved
Wholesale electricity price → Energy and supply	increases	mechanism	likely	Approved
Wholesale gas price → Wholesale electricity price	increases	causal inference	likely	Approved
Wind electricity generation → Wholesale electricity price	decreases	association	likely	Approved

The factors

Biomass electricity generation (quantity, GWh) Approved

Electricity generated from primary solid biofuels such as wood, as Eurostat counts it in gross electricity production.

Coal, lignite and peat generation (quantity, GWh) Approved

Electricity generated from solid fossil fuels (coal, lignite and peat), as Eurostat counts it in gross electricity production.

Danish electricity tax (elafgift) (policy, øre per kWh) Approved

Excise tax on household electricity in Denmark: 72.0 øre per kWh in 2025, cut to the EU minimum of 0.8 øre for 2026 and 2027.

Energy and supply (quantity, EUR/kWh) Approved

The part of the household price that pays for the electricity itself and the supplier's costs and margin (Eurostat's NRG_SUP component).

Gas-fired electricity generation (quantity, GWh) Approved

Electricity generated from natural gas, as Eurostat counts it in gross electricity production.

Gross electricity production (quantity, GWh) Approved

All electricity generated in a country in a year, from every fuel, as Eurostat counts it.

Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included (quantity, EUR/kWh) Approved

What a household pays per kWh with every tax, levy and allowance counted, as Eurostat publishes it half-yearly for the 2 500 to 4 999 kWh band.

Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies (quantity, EUR/kWh) Approved

The same price before all taxes and levies (Eurostat's X_TAX level); with allowances counted it can sit above the all-taxes price.

Irish government electricity credit (policy, EUR per account) Approved

Universal credits applied to domestic electricity bills in Ireland: EUR 450 over late 2023 to early 2024, EUR 250 in two EUR 125 instalments over late 2024 and early 2025.

Natural gas import dependency (quantity, % of gas used) Approved

Net imports of natural gas (imports minus exports) as a share of the gas a country uses, as Eurostat publishes it; a negative value means the country exports more than it imports.

Network costs (quantity, EUR/kWh) Approved

The part of the household price that pays for moving electricity over transmission and distribution networks (Eurostat's NETC component).

Solar electricity generation (quantity, GWh) Approved

Electricity generated by solar photovoltaic panels, as Eurostat counts it in gross electricity production.

Subsidies and allowances (quantity, EUR/kWh) Approved

Credits, allowances and subsidies that Eurostat reports as separate lines in the component breakdown (its *_ALLOW codes and ALLOW_OTH), shown apart from taxes so that their effect on the bill can be seen.

Taxes and levies (quantity, EUR/kWh) Approved

The part of the household price made up of taxes, fees, levies and charges (Eurostat's TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG component); it can be negative where allowances outweigh charges.

Wholesale electricity price (quantity, EUR/MWh) Approved

The price of electricity traded between generators and suppliers, before network charges, levies and taxes; in Ireland, the all-island day-ahead market price.

Wholesale gas price (quantity, EUR/MWh) Approved

The price of natural gas on wholesale markets, which sets the fuel cost of gas-fired power stations.

Wind electricity generation (quantity, GWh) Approved

Electricity generated by wind turbines, as Eurostat counts it in gross electricity production.

The links, with their evidence and disagreements

Biomass electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records biomass (primary solid biofuels) generation as a share of gross electricity production in Germany, 2024.

Size: 0.02102 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Germany, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: BIOMASS / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.0210171417231994

Input	Value	Evidence
BIOMASS	10803.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=R5110-5150_W6000RI, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
TOTAL	514009.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=R5110-5150_W6000RI, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
Biomass (primary solid biofuels): 10803.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
All fuels: 514009.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Energy and supply → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DEwhen: 2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports the household price as three components. Energy and supply covers the cost of the electricity itself and the supplier's costs and margin. This link records energy and supply as a share of the sum of the three components in Germany, 2025.

Size: 0.3845 share of the sum of Eurostat's three price components (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2025-12-31. The component divided by the sum of the three published components (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG), Germany, 2025, consumption band DC, EUR per kWh. No rounding; no figure other than the three published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: NRG_SUP / (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG)
Unrounded result: 0.3844755970924196

Input	Value	Evidence
NETC	0.113	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
NRG_SUP	0.1481	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG	0.1241	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
NETC: 0.113 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
NRG_SUP: 0.1481 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG: 0.1241 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved

Gas-fired electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records natural gas generation as a share of gross electricity production in Germany, 2024.

Size: 0.176 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Germany, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: GAS / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.1760416646401133

Input	Value	Evidence
GAS	90487.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=G3000, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
TOTAL	514009.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=G3000, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
Natural gas: 90487.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
All fuels: 514009.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Network costs → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DEwhen: 2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports the household price as three components. Network costs cover the charges for moving electricity over the transmission and distribution networks. This link records network costs as a share of the sum of the three components in Germany, 2025.

Size: 0.2934 share of the sum of Eurostat's three price components (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2025-12-31. The component divided by the sum of the three published components (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG), Germany, 2025, consumption band DC, EUR per kWh. No rounding; no figure other than the three published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: NETC / (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG)
Unrounded result: 0.29335410176531673

Input	Value	Evidence
NETC	0.113	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
NRG_SUP	0.1481	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG	0.1241	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
NETC: 0.113 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
NRG_SUP: 0.1481 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG: 0.1241 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved

Solar electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records solar photovoltaic generation as a share of gross electricity production in Germany, 2024.

Size: 0.1466 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Germany, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: SOLAR / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.14664918318550843

Input	Value	Evidence
SOLAR	75379.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA420, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
TOTAL	514009.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA420, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
Solar photovoltaic: 75379.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
All fuels: 514009.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Coal, lignite and peat generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records coal, lignite and peat (solid fossil fuels) generation as a share of gross electricity production in Germany, 2024.

Size: 0.2069 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Germany, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: COAL / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.20686991862010198

Input	Value	Evidence
COAL	106333.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=C0000X0350-0370, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
TOTAL	514009.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=C0000X0350-0370, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
Coal, lignite and peat (solid fossil fuels): 106333.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
All fuels: 514009.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Taxes and levies → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DEwhen: 2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports the household price as three components. Taxes and levies cover taxes, fees, levies and charges, and can be negative where allowances outweigh charges. This link records taxes and levies as a share of the sum of the three components in Germany, 2025.

Size: 0.3222 share of the sum of Eurostat's three price components (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2025-12-31. The component divided by the sum of the three published components (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG), Germany, 2025, consumption band DC, EUR per kWh. No rounding; no figure other than the three published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG / (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG)
Unrounded result: 0.32217030114226375

Input	Value	Evidence
NETC	0.113	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
NRG_SUP	0.1481	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG	0.1241	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
NETC: 0.113 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
NRG_SUP: 0.1481 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG: 0.1241 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved

Wind electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records wind generation as a share of gross electricity production in Germany, 2024.

Size: 0.2703 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Germany, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: WIND / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.270255968280711

Input	Value	Evidence
TOTAL	514009.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
WIND	138914.0	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA300, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA300, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
Wind: 138914.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DE, time=2024
All fuels: 514009.0 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Biomass electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DKwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records biomass (primary solid biofuels) generation as a share of gross electricity production in Denmark, 2024.

Size: 0.1653 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Denmark, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: BIOMASS / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.16528160566389913

Input	Value	Evidence
BIOMASS	5837.346	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=R5110-5150_W6000RI, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
TOTAL	35317.578	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=R5110-5150_W6000RI, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
Biomass (primary solid biofuels): 5837.346 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
All fuels: 35317.578 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Energy and supply → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DKwhen: 2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Size: 0.2824 share of the sum of Eurostat's three price components (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2025-12-31. The component divided by the sum of the three published components (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG), Denmark, 2025, consumption band DC, EUR per kWh. No rounding; no figure other than the three published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: NRG_SUP / (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG)
Unrounded result: 0.2824494579548784

Input	Value	Evidence
NETC	0.079	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
NRG_SUP	0.0964	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG	0.1659	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
NETC: 0.079 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
NRG_SUP: 0.0964 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG: 0.1659 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved

Gas-fired electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DKwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records natural gas generation as a share of gross electricity production in Denmark, 2024.

Size: 0.02575 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Denmark, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: GAS / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.025749302514458946

Input	Value	Evidence
GAS	909.403	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=G3000, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
TOTAL	35317.578	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=G3000, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
Natural gas: 909.403 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
All fuels: 35317.578 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Network costs → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DKwhen: 2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Size: 0.2315 share of the sum of Eurostat's three price components (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2025-12-31. The component divided by the sum of the three published components (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG), Denmark, 2025, consumption band DC, EUR per kWh. No rounding; no figure other than the three published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: NETC / (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG)
Unrounded result: 0.2314679167887489

Input	Value	Evidence
NETC	0.079	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
NRG_SUP	0.0964	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG	0.1659	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
NETC: 0.079 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
NRG_SUP: 0.0964 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG: 0.1659 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved

Solar electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DKwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records solar photovoltaic generation as a share of gross electricity production in Denmark, 2024.

Size: 0.1069 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Denmark, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: SOLAR / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.10692131833049254

Input	Value	Evidence
SOLAR	3776.202	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA420, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
TOTAL	35317.578	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA420, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
Solar photovoltaic: 3776.202 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
All fuels: 35317.578 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Coal, lignite and peat generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DKwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Size: 0.04957 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Denmark, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: COAL / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.04956911258184239

Input	Value	Evidence
COAL	1750.661	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=C0000X0350-0370, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
TOTAL	35317.578	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=C0000X0350-0370, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
Coal, lignite and peat (solid fossil fuels): 1750.661 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
All fuels: 35317.578 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Danish electricity tax (elafgift) → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

causal inferenceconfidence: likelyeffect: increaseswhere: DKwhen: 2025-S2 to 2026-S1Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

The electricity tax is charged per kWh and VAT is charged on top of it, so cutting the tax from 72.0 to 0.8 øre per kWh lowers the household price directly. The all-taxes price fell from EUR 0.331 to EUR 0.238 per kWh between 2025-S2 and 2026-S1, while the pre-tax price rose slightly, from EUR 0.169 to EUR 0.189.

Size: large. The cut is worth about EUR 0.096 per kWh before VAT; the all-taxes price fell by EUR 0.094 while the pre-tax price rose. Approved

Evidence

Supports Skatteforvaltningen (skat.dk): Midlertidig nedsættelse af elafgiften i 2026 og 2027
opening paragraph of the notice
I en 2-årig periode fra 1. januar 2026 til 31. december 2027 vil satsen for elafgiften blive sat ned til 0,8 øre pr. kWh.
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash 4a7b60c5b6e7… · Approved

Taxes and levies → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DKwhen: 2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Size: 0.4861 share of the sum of Eurostat's three price components (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2025-12-31. The component divided by the sum of the three published components (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG), Denmark, 2025, consumption band DC, EUR per kWh. No rounding; no figure other than the three published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG / (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG)
Unrounded result: 0.4860826252563727

Input	Value	Evidence
NETC	0.079	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
NRG_SUP	0.0964	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG	0.1659	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
NETC: 0.079 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
NRG_SUP: 0.0964 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=DK, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG: 0.1659 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved

Wind electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: DKwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records wind generation as a share of gross electricity production in Denmark, 2024.

Size: 0.5819 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Denmark, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: WIND / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.5819435296497398

Input	Value	Evidence
TOTAL	35317.578	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
WIND	20552.836	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA300, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA300, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
Wind: 20552.836 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=DK, time=2024
All fuels: 35317.578 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Biomass electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: IEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records biomass (primary solid biofuels) generation as a share of gross electricity production in Ireland, 2024.

Size: 0.01633 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Ireland, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: BIOMASS / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.016325076952866533

Input	Value	Evidence
BIOMASS	514.12	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=R5110-5150_W6000RI, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
TOTAL	31492.654	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=R5110-5150_W6000RI, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
Biomass (primary solid biofuels): 514.12 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
All fuels: 31492.654 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Irish government electricity credit → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

causal inferenceconfidence: likelyeffect: decreaseswhere: IEwhen: 2024-S2 to 2025-S2Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat's household prices include subsidies and allowances. The credits were deducted from Irish bills in late 2024 and early 2025, lowering the reported price in those periods; with no credit in the second half of 2025, the reported price rose even though the price before taxes and credits barely moved.

Size: large. Between 2025-S1 and 2025-S2 the all-taxes price rose by EUR 0.081 per kWh while the pre-tax price rose by EUR 0.014; the credit ending is the main candidate for the difference. Approved

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c, IE, 2025, band DC, TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG_ALLOW
Allowances: 0.0618 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash cc9c8cfacbd8… · Approved
Supports Commission for Regulation of Utilities (CRU): Government Electricity Costs Emergency Benefit Scheme: FAQs
opening section of the FAQ page
two payments of €125.00 (including VAT) to be credited to all domestic electricity accounts
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash 7ec91fd144ca… · Approved

Energy and supply → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: IEwhen: 2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Size: 0.6783 share of the sum of Eurostat's three price components (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2025-12-31. The component divided by the sum of the three published components (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG), Ireland, 2025, consumption band DC, EUR per kWh. No rounding; no figure other than the three published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: NRG_SUP / (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG)
Unrounded result: 0.6783175355450237

Input	Value	Evidence
NETC	0.1245	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
NRG_SUP	0.229	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG	-0.0159	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025

Evidence

Supports Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI): A descriptive comparison of Irish and European electricity prices: 2018-2024
section 4.1.4, PDF p.37 (report p.24)
In many of the considered markets, the margin between wholesale energy and supply costs and retail prices is greater post-2022. However, of the considered markets, this margin is greatest in Ireland.
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash 5f6a81268842… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
NETC: 0.1245 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
NRG_SUP: 0.229 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG: -0.0159 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved

Who disagrees, and about what

Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) (research body, IE)

accepts the link existence (fact)

ESRI finds Irish retail prices tracked generation and supply costs closely, with network costs mattering less so far. It finds the margin between wholesale energy and supply costs and retail prices greater in many markets after 2022, and greatest in Ireland. It offers harder hedging, weaker competition and data differences as possible explanations, without settling which.

Their publication: Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), section 4.1.4, PDF p.37 (report p.24) as of 2026-04-14 Approved

Gas-fired electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: IEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records natural gas generation as a share of gross electricity production in Ireland, 2024.

Size: 0.4793 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Ireland, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: GAS / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.4793452466724462

Input	Value	Evidence
GAS	15095.854	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=G3000, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
TOTAL	31492.654	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=G3000, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
Natural gas: 15095.854 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
All fuels: 31492.654 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Network costs → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: IEwhen: 2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Size: 0.3688 share of the sum of Eurostat's three price components (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2025-12-31. The component divided by the sum of the three published components (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG), Ireland, 2025, consumption band DC, EUR per kWh. No rounding; no figure other than the three published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: NETC / (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG)
Unrounded result: 0.3687796208530806

Input	Value	Evidence
NETC	0.1245	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
NRG_SUP	0.229	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG	-0.0159	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
NETC: 0.1245 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
NRG_SUP: 0.229 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG: -0.0159 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved

Solar electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: IEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records solar photovoltaic generation as a share of gross electricity production in Ireland, 2024.

Size: 0.03471 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Ireland, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: SOLAR / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.03470942779227181

Input	Value	Evidence
SOLAR	1093.092	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA420, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
TOTAL	31492.654	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA420, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
Solar photovoltaic: 1093.092 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
All fuels: 31492.654 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Coal, lignite and peat generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: IEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Size: 0.02009 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Ireland, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: COAL / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.02008757343855491

Input	Value	Evidence
COAL	632.611	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=C0000X0350-0370, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
TOTAL	31492.654	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=C0000X0350-0370, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
Coal, lignite and peat (solid fossil fuels): 632.611 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
All fuels: 31492.654 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Taxes and levies → Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: decreaseswhere: IEwhen: 2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Size: -0.0471 share of the sum of Eurostat's three price components (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2025-12-31. The component divided by the sum of the three published components (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG), Ireland, 2025, consumption band DC, EUR per kWh. No rounding; no figure other than the three published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG / (NRG_SUP + NETC + TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG)
Unrounded result: -0.047097156398104266

Input	Value	Evidence
NETC	0.1245	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
NRG_SUP	0.229	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG	-0.0159	Eurostat, nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NETC, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
NETC: 0.1245 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=NRG_SUP, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
NRG_SUP: 0.229 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
nrg_pc_204_c: freq=A, nrg_cons=KWH2500-4999, nrg_prc=TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG, currency=EUR, geo=IE, time=2025
TAX_FEE_LEV_CHRG: -0.0159 EUR/kWh
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash b8d5e9f3a8e1… · Approved

Wind electricity generation → Gross electricity production

compositionconfidence: establishedeffect: increaseswhere: IEwhen: 2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Eurostat reports how much electricity is generated from each fuel. This link records wind generation as a share of gross electricity production in Ireland, 2024.

Size: 0.3699 share of gross electricity production (derived). Method: arithmetic on published figures. as of 2024-12-31. The fuel's gross electricity production divided by total gross electricity production, Ireland, 2024, GWh. No rounding; no figure other than the two published values is used. Source: Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh. Approved

How this figure is calculated

Formula: WIND / TOTAL
Unrounded result: 0.3699135995334023

Input	Value	Evidence
TOTAL	31492.654	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
WIND	11649.561	Eurostat, nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA300, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024

Evidence

Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=RA300, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
Wind: 11649.561 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved
Supports Eurostat: Electricity and derived heat production by type of fuel (nrg_bal_peh)
nrg_bal_peh: freq=A, nrg_bal=GEP, siec=TOTAL, unit=GWH, geo=IE, time=2024
All fuels: 31492.654 GWh
retrieved 2026-10-12 · content hash 377b6fb8260c… · Approved

Wholesale electricity price → Energy and supply

mechanismconfidence: likelyeffect: increaseswhere: IEwhen: 2018-2024Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Wholesale electricity costs feed into the energy and supply part of the household price, but with a delay, because suppliers buy ahead through hedging contracts.

Size: large. ESRI finds retail prices correlated strongly with generation and supply costs over 2018 to 2024; the regulator says hedging delays and prolongs the pass-through. Approved

Evidence

Supports Commission for Regulation of Utilities (CRU): Household Electricity & Gas Prices, Ireland and EU Comparison: Information Note (CRU202441, 14 May 2024)
executive summary, key points, PDF p.3
The hedging strategies employed by suppliers in Ireland delayed, and lessened, the impact on retail energy customers of the highest spikes seen in wholesale electricity and gas prices in 2022 but has also meant that the elevated retail prices have been more prolonged
retrieved 2026-10-10 · content hash 2ddd903bdea3… · Approved
Supports Commission for Regulation of Utilities (CRU): Irish and EU Household Electricity and Gas Prices (news item, 14 May 2024)
news item, 14 May 2024
The report highlights a clear time lag between when changes in wholesale gas prices happen and when those changes reach retail prices which customers are charged.
retrieved 2026-10-10 · content hash 49d86e85b952… · Approved
Supports Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI): A descriptive comparison of Irish and European electricity prices: 2018-2024
executive summary, PDF p.11
Retail prices correlated strongly with the cost of electricity generation and supply during the 2018–2024 period.
retrieved 2026-10-09 · content hash 5f6a81268842… · Approved

Wholesale gas price → Wholesale electricity price

causal inferenceconfidence: likelyeffect: increaseswhere: IEwhen: 2024-2025Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

Gas-fired plants frequently set the wholesale price in the all-island electricity market, so changes in the cost of gas pass directly into the wholesale electricity price.

Size: large. The market regulator says gas costs translate directly into electricity prices; UCC finds Irish wholesale prices strongly correlated with gas prices month to month. Approved

Evidence

Supports SEM Committee (CRU and Utility Regulator): SEM Committee Annual Report, 1 October 2024 to 30 September 2025
market overview, fuel costs, PDF p.15
As gas fired plant frequently sets the marginal price in the SEM, fluctuations in wholesale gas costs translate directly into electricity prices, influencing the costs ultimately borne by suppliers and consumers.
retrieved 2026-10-10 · content hash dd22d40f10f5… · Approved
Supports SEM Committee (CRU and Utility Regulator): SEM Committee Annual Report, 1 October 2024 to 30 September 2025
market overview, fuel costs, PDF p.15
The average gas price for 2024/2025 is 114c/therm, compared with 94c/ therm in 2023/2024.
retrieved 2026-10-10 · content hash dd22d40f10f5… · Approved
Supports University College Cork, Energy Policy and Modelling Group (Dr Paul Deane): What is in my Electricity Bill? An explainer of residential electricity bill elements in Ireland, 2020 to 2026
section on wholesale prices, PDF p.6
On a monthly level, wholesale electricity prices in Ireland are strongly correlated to European and British natural gas prices.
retrieved 2026-10-10 · content hash 4e81c42d5c43… · Approved

Wind electricity generation → Wholesale electricity price

associationconfidence: likelyeffect: decreaseswhere: IEwhen: 2024-2026Approved v1 reviewed 2026-10-14

When wind output is high, day-ahead wholesale prices in the all-island market tend to be lower; when wind is low they tend to be higher. Wind is not the only factor.

Size: moderate. The regulator says day-ahead prices are strongly affected by forecast wind and that high-wind periods typically bring lower prices, though wind is not the only factor; Wind Energy Ireland, an industry body, separately reports high-wind days about a third cheaper than days relying on imported gas (a stakeholder figure, not used for the size). Approved

Evidence

Supports SEM Committee (CRU and Utility Regulator): SEM Committee Annual Report, 1 October 2024 to 30 September 2025
generation type and its impact on market price, PDF p.15
DAM prices are strongly affected by forecast wind generation levels. Periods of high wind typically correlate with lower prices, whereas reduced wind availability often results in higher prices, although wind generation isn’t the only contributing factor.
retrieved 2026-10-10 · content hash dd22d40f10f5… · Approved
Supports Wind Energy Ireland: Gas prices push up electricity bills higher again while wind farms help ease the burden on consumers (May 2026 wholesale prices)
May 2026 wholesale price release
average electricity costs on high-wind days around a third lower than when Ireland was forced to rely on imported gas
retrieved 2026-10-10 · content hash 3d1a3acedf22… · Approved

The data

Published values for the factors above, as the source states them (hover a source for the exact table and code).

Factor	Place	Period	Value	Unit	Source
Biomass electricity generation	DE	2022	10663.0	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	DE	2023	11117.0	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	DE	2024	10803.0	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	DK	2022	5660.915	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	DK	2023	4977.08	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	DK	2024	5837.346	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	EU27_2020	2022	88368.777	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	EU27_2020	2023	79521.158	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	EU27_2020	2024	78715.202	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	IE	2022	507.783	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	IE	2023	347.437	GWh	Eurostat
Biomass electricity generation	IE	2024	514.12	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	DE	2022	179948.015	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	DE	2023	124786.0	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	DE	2024	106333.0	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	DK	2022	4429.298	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	DK	2023	2525.079	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	DK	2024	1750.661	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	EU27_2020	2022	448555.61	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	EU27_2020	2023	318691.393	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	EU27_2020	2024	271891.735	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	IE	2022	2366.287	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	IE	2023	1210.761	GWh	Eurostat
Coal, lignite and peat generation	IE	2024	632.611	GWh	Eurostat
Energy and supply	DE	2024	0.1654	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Energy and supply	DE	2025	0.1481	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Energy and supply	DK	2024	0.1082	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Energy and supply	DK	2025	0.0964	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Energy and supply	EU27_2020	2024	0.141	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Energy and supply	EU27_2020	2025	0.1246	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Energy and supply	IE	2024	0.3001	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Energy and supply	IE	2025	0.229	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	DE	2022	83601.0	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	DE	2023	84525.0	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	DE	2024	90487.0	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	DK	2022	1015.068	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	DK	2023	999.995	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	DK	2024	909.403	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	EU27_2020	2022	538326.156	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	EU27_2020	2023	462535.657	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	EU27_2020	2024	443188.995	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	IE	2022	16529.627	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	IE	2023	15350.675	GWh	Eurostat
Gas-fired electricity generation	IE	2024	15095.854	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	DE	2022	578948.015	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	DE	2023	522871.0	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	DE	2024	514009.0	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	DK	2022	35332.288	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	DK	2023	34068.992	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	DK	2024	35317.578	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	EU27_2020	2022	2823534.814	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	EU27_2020	2023	2760944.843	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	EU27_2020	2024	2828734.401	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	IE	2022	34045.217	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	IE	2023	31852.979	GWh	Eurostat
Gross electricity production	IE	2024	31492.654	GWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	DE	2025-S1	0.3835	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	DE	2025-S2	0.3869	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	DE	2026-S1	0.3618	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	DK	2025-S1	0.3485	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	DK	2025-S2	0.3312	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	DK	2026-S1	0.2375	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	EU27_2020	2025-S1	0.2879	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	EU27_2020	2025-S2	0.2896	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	IE	2025-S1	0.3231	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, all taxes and levies included	IE	2025-S2	0.4042	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	DE	2025-S1	0.2598	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	DE	2025-S2	0.2625	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	DE	2026-S1	0.2388	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	DK	2025-S1	0.1823	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	DK	2025-S2	0.1685	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	DK	2026-S1	0.1889	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	EU27_2020	2025-S1	0.2075	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	EU27_2020	2025-S2	0.2059	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	IE	2025-S1	0.3468	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Household electricity price, excluding taxes and levies	IE	2025-S2	0.3608	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	DE	2022	105.896	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	DE	2023	93.66	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	DE	2024	91.578	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	DK	2022	27.065	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	DK	2023	13.502	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	DK	2024	-17.456	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	EU27_2020	2022	97.591	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	EU27_2020	2023	89.97	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	EU27_2020	2024	84.981	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	IE	2022	73.935	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	IE	2023	77.462	% of gas used	Eurostat
Natural gas import dependency	IE	2024	79.459	% of gas used	Eurostat
Network costs	DE	2019	0.074	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DE	2020	0.0864	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DE	2021	0.0776	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DE	2022	0.0804	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DE	2023	0.0937	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DE	2024	0.1147	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DE	2025	0.113	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DK	2019	0.0524	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DK	2020	0.0522	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DK	2021	0.0515	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DK	2022	0.0569	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DK	2023	0.0764	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DK	2024	0.0824	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	DK	2025	0.079	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	EU27_2020	2019	0.0596	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	EU27_2020	2020	0.0632	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	EU27_2020	2021	0.0641	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	EU27_2020	2022	0.0664	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	EU27_2020	2023	0.0724	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	EU27_2020	2024	0.0775	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	EU27_2020	2025	0.0815	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	IE	2019	0.0799	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	IE	2020	0.0934	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	IE	2021	0.0936	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	IE	2022	0.1025	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	IE	2023	0.079	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	IE	2024	0.0789	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Network costs	IE	2025	0.1245	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	DE	2022	61022.0	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	DE	2023	64299.0	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	DE	2024	75379.0	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	DK	2022	2384.925	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	DK	2023	3658.14	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	DK	2024	3776.202	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	EU27_2020	2022	205943.21	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	EU27_2020	2023	249294.334	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	EU27_2020	2024	303976.869	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	IE	2022	148.665	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	IE	2023	646.482	GWh	Eurostat
Solar electricity generation	IE	2024	1093.092	GWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	DK	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2024	0.1216	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2024	0.1216	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2024	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2025	0.0618	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2025	0.0618	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Subsidies and allowances	IE	2025	0.0	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Taxes and levies	DE	2024	0.1147	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Taxes and levies	DE	2025	0.1241	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Taxes and levies	DK	2024	0.183	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Taxes and levies	DK	2025	0.1659	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Taxes and levies	EU27_2020	2024	0.0713	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Taxes and levies	EU27_2020	2025	0.0826	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Taxes and levies	IE	2024	-0.0895	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Taxes and levies	IE	2025	-0.0159	EUR/kWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	DE	2022	124816.0	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	DE	2023	141764.0	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	DE	2024	138914.0	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	DK	2022	19048.16	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	DK	2023	19434.295	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	DK	2024	20552.836	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	EU27_2020	2022	422655.68	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	EU27_2020	2023	480450.777	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	EU27_2020	2024	490037.497	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	IE	2022	11393.491	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	IE	2023	11863.352	GWh	Eurostat
Wind electricity generation	IE	2024	11649.561	GWh	Eurostat

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thenewsis. Version 1, published 2026-10-16. All explanations.